Introduction: A 4 month- old- baby girl, 1st born to non-consanguineous marriage, immunized for age, was brought with complaints of progressive pallor for 2 weeks, low grade fever for 1 week and increased irritability. There was no history of cough, cold, poor feeding, bleeding, jaundice or blood transfusion. There was no family history of any hematological disorders. On examination she had severe pallor, tachycardia, spleen was palpable 6 cm below left costal margin and liver 5 cm below right costal margin but there was no icterus or lymphadenopathy. Her hematological parameters were: Hemoglobin 4.2 gm/dl, Total leucocyte count 138,000/mm3, with differential leucocyte count showing Polymorphs 23%, Lymphocyte 63%, Monocyte 9%, Eosinophil 5% and Platelet 336,000/mm3.

Phase locked loop (PLL) circuits are widely used in fractional frequency synthesizers. In these synthesizers, fractional multiples of the reference frequency can be synthesized, so the reference frequency and the bandwidth of the loop can be increased. This frequency synthesizer is commonly used due to its flexibility and convenient frequency adjustment. In this paper, a PLL circuit of the transistor level is designed in which a hybrid digital sigma-delta modulator with reduced hardware is used. This Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator (DDSM) has four stages that have a lower noise level and power consumption than the conventional type. This PLL circuit has a third-order loop filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator of the NMOS type. In the PLL circuit, two counters are used in its feedback path. In the proposed divider, there is a dual divider P / P + 1 (in this case 5, 6) which divides its input signal by 5, 6 according to the control input. A design example for the PLL is provided. A third stage digital Delta-Sigma modulator with reduced hardware is also used to control these counters. This modulator has less power consumption than the conventional method and has less number of transistors by 85%.

In this paper, chiral E-shaped resonators are used in a waveguide. Direction of EM wave and position of resonators for effective excitation is studied and various resonances of E-shaped resonators are determined. As a consequence an analytical equivalent circuit model is proposed. Finally, an array of these resonators is used to realize a wide reject band. The resulted band stop filter performance is simulated and a rejection level of almost 40 dB is achieved to confirm the effectiveness of the idea. This stopband filter is used in cascade with a bandpass filter to suppress its spurious response.